Thousands of workers flooded the streets of Petrograd (modern St. Petersburg) to show their dissatisfaction. The February revolution stands between the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907 and the third and conclusive revolution of October 1917. The February Revolution , known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and sometimes as the March Revolution, was the first of two revolutions which took place in Russia in 1917. Massive strikes and demonstrations occur throughout the capital. On 16 January  [O.S. The Tsar ordered the commander of the Petrograd garrison, General Khahalov, to suppress the rioting by force. [40] Army officers retreated into hiding and many took refuge in the Admiralty building, but moved that night to the Winter Palace.[41]. Trade unions were banned and 'troublemakers' were sent into exile. Troops fire on demonstrating crowds. A crowd gathers outside the Duma in Petrograd, February 1917. police agents reported that army officers had, for the first time, mingled with the crowds demonstrating against the war and the government on Nevsky Prospekt. On 27 February O.S. The Government is paralyzed. The February Revolution was a largely spontaneous uprising that brought about the abdication of Nicholas II and the end of tsarism in Russia. [44] Meanwhile, the socialist parties re-established the Petrograd Soviet, first created during the 1905 revolution, to represent workers and soldiers. The causes can be summarized as the ongoing cruel treatment of peasants by the bourgeoisie, poor working conditions of industrial workers and the spreading of western democratic ideas by political activists, leading to a growing political and social awareness in the lower classes. In France the revolutionary events ended the July Monarchy (1830–1848) and led to the creation of the French Second Republic. [65], This article is about the 1917 revolution in Russia. When discussing the historiography of the February Revolution there are three historical interpretations which are relevant: Soviet, Liberal and Revisionist. Novgorod Republic • Vladimir-Suzdal [30] By 25 February O.S (10 March N.S), nearly all industrial enterprises in Petrograd were shut down by the uprising. [15], In an attempt to boost morale and repair his reputation as a leader, Tsar Nicholas announced in the summer of 1915 that he would take personal command of the army, in defiance of almost universal advice to the contrary. [6] Even the Cossack units that the government had come to use for crowd control showed signs that they supported the people. In what became known as the July Days, approximately half a million soldiers, sailors, and workers, some of them armed, came out onto the streets of Petrograd in protest. 1 ensured that the Dual Authority developed on the Soviet's conditions. The 1848 Revolution in the History of France, sometimes known as the February Revolution (révolution de février), was one of a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe. The Russian Revolution of 1917 centersaround two primary events: the February Revolution and the OctoberRevolution. take control of the country. Liberal historians emphasise the turmoil created by the war, whereas Marxists emphasise the inevitability of change. [30] As the Russian government began rationing flour and bread, rumors of food shortages circulated and bread riots erupted across the city of Petrograd. With little food, no ammunition or even proper uniforms, Russian soldiers began to mutiny in their thousands. February 25. There were disturbances on the Nevsky Prospect during the day[32] and in the late afternoon four people were killed. The government called in troops and suspended the Duma. Around midnight the train was stopped at Malaya Vishera, turned, and in the evening of 1 March O.S (14 March N.S) Nicholas arrived in Pskov. As historian Richard Pipes writes, "the incompatibility of capitalism and autocracy struck all who gave thought to the matter".[9]. The revolution was organised: events don't just happen without origin or cause. Over 30 nations declared war between 1914 and 1918. The February Revolution was the first of two revolutions that took place in Russia in 1917. the Duma opening was postponed to the 25th (7 February N.S.). [23] Many[quantify] people came to the conclusion that the problem was not Rasputin. The protesters seized automobiles, fought with people of authority, and often fired their guns into the air. This was the second of two revolutions in the Russian Revolution. On 14 January O.S. Protopopov was told to resign and offered to commit suicide. Жіночий бунт, який знищив Російську імперію (February Revolution. February Revolution (24-27, 1917) The revolution that overthrew the tsarist government in Russia, and replaced it with a provisional government of Duma officials.. World War I had lasted 31 long months by February, 1917. The government called in troops and suspended the Duma. Nicholas's response on 27 February O.S (12 March N.S), perhaps based on the Empress's earlier letter to him that the concern about Petrograd was an over-reaction, was one of irritation that "again, this fat Rodzianko has written me lots of nonsense, to which I shall not even deign to reply". The Kadets began to be seen as a conservative political party and as "state-minded" by other Russians. Symbols of the Tsarist regime were rapidly torn down around the city and governmental authority in the capital collapsed — not helped by the fact that Nicholas had earlier that day suspended a session in the Duma that was intended to discuss the issue further, leaving it with no legal authority to act. [26] Some carry banners with the slogan 'Land and Freedom'. The Revolution began on February 23 (March 8 NS) when working-class women, observing the socialist holiday of International Women’s Day, took to the streets of the capital to protest against food shortages and high bread prices. (24 January N.S.) Russian Republic • October Revolution • Civil War(Red Army • White Guard • separatists • others). [40] The protesters of Petrograd burned and sacked the premises of the district court, the headquarters of the secret police, and many police stations. Three days later Tsar Nicholas II abdicated, ending Romanov dynastic rule and the Russian Empire. The February Revolution was the first of two revolutions that took place in Russia in 1917. On 11 January 1917 [O.S. [48] On 8 March O.S (22 March N.S) the former Tsar, addressed with contempt by the sentries as "Nicholas Romanov", was reunited with his family at the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo. The war was going badly for Russia with a string of defeats. There are many long-term and short-term causes which led to the overthrow of monarchy in Russia. That evening Golitsyn used a (signed,[35] but not yet dated) ukaze declaring that his Majesty had decided to interrupt the Duma until April, leaving it with no legal authority to act. Eventually nearly all industry in Petrograd was shut down. The total number of killed and injured in clashes with the police and government troops in Petrograd is estimated around 1,300 people. The February Revolution in 1917 marked the end of the Tsardom and long-ruling Romanov dynasty. [28] The protesting mob called for the war to end and for the Russian monarchy to be overthrown. This "ministerial leapfrog", as it came to be known, not only removed competent men from power, but also disorganized the work of government since no one remained long enough in office to master their responsibilities."[22]. [52] At the same time, the Petrograd Soviet (or workers' council) began organizing and was officially formed on 27 February. On 22 February O.S. "I'm not a ruler – said the Empress – and have no rights to take the initiative in the absence of the Emperor. The Tsarina was very unpopular and seemed to be under the control of the equally unpopular mystic Grigori Rasputin. Although the details remain sketchy, Kerensky appeared to become frightened by the possibility of a coup and the order was countermanded. In the spring of 1917, 700 soviets were established across Russia, equalling about a third of the population, representing the proletariat and their interests. 1.2.1 Petrograd received less than half of it's grain requirements. [30] Women, in particular, were passionate in showing their dissatisfaction with the implemented rationing system, and the female workers marched to nearby factories to recruit over 50,000 workers for the strikes. The February Revolution of 1917 sprang from a bread-riot caused by the breakdown of transport during the war. The bulk of the garrison mutinied, starting with the Volynsky Life Guards Regiment. Nearly six million casualties—dead, wounded and missing—had been accrued by January 1917. In August 1914, all classes supported[11] and virtually all political deputies voted in favour of the war. The next day the Grand Duke realised that he would have little support as ruler, so he declined the crown,[43] stating that he would take it only if that was the consensus of democratic action by the Russian Constituent Assembly, which shall define the form of government for Russia. After the Napoleonic Era, the Germanic states had emerged with a new consciousness and governmental structure. To understand the uprisings in Germany also called the March Revolutions or Märzrevolution, we must first take into consideration the events that happened before. At the time of the revolution Russia was an autocracy, with Tsar Nicholas II holding absolute power over his people. At first the riot seemed in no way different from similar riots that had taken place sporadically since 1915; but by now the Petrograd garrison, composed of … [5] The response of the Duma, urged on by the Progressive Bloc, was to establish a Provisional Committee to restore law and order; the Provisional Committee declared itself the governing body of the Russian Empire. The revolution appeared to break out without any real leadership or formal planning. Timeline of the February revolution including: Putilov strikes International Women’s Day strike Dual authority - including the major weaknesses of dual authority Tsar abdication Reasons for the February revolution and early achievements of the Provisional Government. The theses were read by Lenin to a meeting of only Bolsheviks and again to a meeting of Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, both being extreme leftist parties, and was also published. This move had disastrous results. The Provisional Government shared Kadet views. On 16 March [O.S. 3 March], a provisional government was announced. The striking workers and the soldiers formed the Petrograd Soviet and The Tsar was forced to abdicate. A Russian Provisional Government under Prince Georgy Lvov replaced the Council of Ministers of Russia. The Petrograd Soviet and the Provisio… There were not enough laborers to collect the harvests and there were serious food shortages. [51] On 3 March O.S (16 March N.S), a provisional government was announced by the Provisional Committee of the State Duma. 1 Economic and Social unrest. The February 1917 revolution produced a democratic, republican government, with a, defacto, seperation of powers between the Duma (Russia's elected parliament created after the revolution of 1905) and the Soviets, workers councils also formed during 1905 and later, which until 1917 had no real political power. These theses were in favor of "Revolutionary defeatism", which argues that the real enemy is those who send the proletariat into war, as opposed to the "imperialist war" (whose "link to Capital" must be demonstrated to the masses) and the "social-chauvinists" (such as Georgi Plekhanov, the grandfather of Russian socialism), who supported the war. "[7] In short, the Tsar no longer had the support of the military, the nobility or the Duma (collectively the élites), or the Russian people. [53], After the abdication of the throne by the Tsar, the Provisional Government declared itself the new form of authority. There must be no delay. The Provisional Government published its manifesto declaring itself the governing body of the Russian Empire that same day. The Army Chief Nikolai Ruzsky, and the Duma deputies Vasily Shulgin and Alexander Guchkov who had come to advise the Tsar, suggested that he abdicate the throne. Russia's industry depended almost entirely on foreign imports. [20], On 9 January 1917 [O.S. Historians disagree on the main factors that contributed to this. At the same time, socialists also formed the Petrograd Soviet. Disaffected soldiers from the city's garrison joined bread rioters, primarily women in bread lines, and industrial strikers on the streets. Order No. The demonstrators, lacking leadership, disbanded and the government survived. [27] Government corruption was unrestrained, and Tsar Nicholas II had frequently disregarded the Imperial Duma. By early 1917 most Russians had completely lost faith in the Tsarist regime. October revolution. Despite this, the provisional government strove to implement further left leaning policies with the repeal of the death penalty, amnesty for political prisoners and freedom of the press. This marked the first instance of open mutiny in the Petrograd garrison.[37]. . The first is the demise of the nobility; the second, the brutal horror of the revolution itself and the dehumanisation of an entire population. However its infrastructure struggled to cope with the demands of war. This was a self-appointed 'cabinet', made up of members of the Duma and led by the politician and landowner, Prince George Lvov. (7 March N.S.) Fevrálʹskaya revolyútsiya), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution[2] and sometimes as the March Revolution,[3] was the first of two revolutions which took place in Russia in 1917. After firing at mounted police the soldiers of the Fourth Company were disarmed by the Preobrazhensky Regiment. the Tsar left for the front.[29]. Vladimir Lenin during the Russian Revolution, 1917. The chairmen believed that the February Revolution was a "Bourgeois revolution" about bringing capitalist development to Russia instead of socialism. Its political, social and economic structures were extremely backward in comparison to other countries in Europe. By 1917, the majority Petersburgers had lost faith in the Tsarist regime. Though the February Revolution was a popular uprising,it did not necess… Europe in 1914 was an armed camp; its politics dominated by two rival alliances. In contrast, Liberal perspectives of the February Revolution almost always acknowledge WWI as a catalyst to revolution. They mutinied and joined the protesters. For the 1848 revolution in France, see. Late in the evening the text "Grand Manifesto" was signed by the Grand Dukes Paul Alexandrovich, Kirill Vladimirovich and Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich. Female mutiny that destroyed the Russian Empire), Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia, Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=February_Revolution&oldid=994751382, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2012, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [24] According to Rodzianko the Empress "exerts an adverse influence on all appointments, including even those in the army." They were joined the next day, International Women's Day, by female protesters marching against food rationing. On 8 February 1917 on request of the Emperor N. Maklakov and Protopopov drafted the text of a manifesto to dissolve the Duma (before it was opened on 14 February 1917). He believed that the most effective way to overthrow the government was to be a minority party and to give no support to the Provisional Government. Strikes and protests in Russia saw no reforms from the government. General dissatisfaction resulted partly from the king's increasingly reactionary policy, carried out after 1840 by François Guizot , and partly from the poor conditions of the working class, which were intensified by the economic crisis of 1846–47. [53] The soviet quickly became the representative responsible for fighting for workers and soldiers hopes for "bread, peace and land". He had also left his wife, the German-born Tsarina Alexandra, in charge at home. In February 1917, workers from 50 factories on the right bank of Neva called a strike. February was a 'revolution from below'. [55] The Provisional government included 9 Duma deputies and 6 from the Kadet party in ministerial positional, representing professional and business interests, the bourgeoisie. [28] The first major protest of the February Revolution occurred on 18 February O.S. [10] The lack of strong leadership is illustrated by a telegram from Octobrist politician Mikhail Rodzianko to the Tsar on 26 February O.S. They failed to address one of the main causes for the February Revolution and this would be one of the factors that led to a second revolution, in October 1917. Rodzianko said that the Emperor will be asked to sign this Manifesto on 1 March at the station of Tsarskoe Selo immediately after his return. [43] At 3 o'clock in the afternoon of Thursday, 2 March O.S (15 March N.S), Nicholas nominated his brother, the Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich, to succeed him. [6] Strikes continued on the following days. Widespread strikes, riots and the famous mutiny on the Battleship Potemkin ensued. There is also a written task at the end which requires them to consider the most important cause, and an extension task to consider how spontaneous the February Revolution was. The revolution occurred in March according to the Western calendar, and in February according to, Ф. А. Гайда, к.и.н., исторический факультет МГУ им. 3 January]  1917 Mikhail Belyaev succeeded Dmitry Shuvayev (who did not speak any foreign language) as Minister of War, likely at the request of the Empress. Though industry did not collapse, it was considerably strained and when inflation soared, wages could not keep up. Russian soldiers were being killed in mass, and … These conditions caused much agitation among the small working and professional classes. Any procrastination is tantamount to death. [19] The Duma, which was composed of liberal deputies, warned Tsar Nicholas II of the impending danger and counselled him to form a new constitutional government, like the one he had dissolved after some short-term attempts in the aftermath of the 1905 Revolution. Requires students to categorise the causes of the February Revolution of 1917. On 28 February O.S (13 March N.S), at five in the morning, the Tsar left Mogilev, (and also directed Nikolay Iudovich Ivanov to go to Tsarskoe Selo) but was unable to reach Petrograd as revolutionaries controlled railway stations around the capital. Like all major armies, Russia's armed forces had inadequate supply. If the answer is not available please wait for a while and a … At the same time that the Provisional Government was put into place, the Soviet Executive Committee was also forming. In all, over 1,300 people were killed during the protests of February 1917.[6]. 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