0000001117 00000 n Restructuring a family unit is time consuming and requires constant commitment. What are the strengths and weaknesses of quasi-experimental designs? Family members must take an active role outside counselling sessions and engage in homework. /Type /Font )Q P~&R@x|dr?;o`vUJ/%]{'->upOo! 3i!\c#y1m#,>.\K.r.8m}+q;{T=>=DquLGqr1Y/oS)6H^ 7680bP(k82/Dz!0 \7-~AK9CkMziL+ qbC;Hkr=zRT/J,GO7JZq2R!W4O@QVexWJ2,hk.h%7U] *N $gz! Reconsiderations of family systems theory focus on the following concerns: (a) the emphasis on homeostatic processes in the In structural family therapy, there is a goal established to help improve communication and the way family members interact with each in order to then create healthy communication, appropriate boundaries, and eventually healthier family structure. The rationale behind this kind of therapy is that the treatment of an individual in some cases is successful only if their dysfunctional families are treated to solve the problem completely. >> Marriage and Family EncyclopediaFamily Theory & Types of FamiliesFamily Systems Theory - Basic Concepts/propositions, Challenges And Future Directions, Copyright 2023 Web Solutions LLC. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /A << However, what does it mean to step into family therapy? /F4 18 0 R /Subtype /Type1 endobj /Subtype /Type1 Learning better ways to communicate with one another. What are the basic assumptions of social system theory? /F 4 From this definition, it becomes clear that there are diverse processes and structures that are used to effectively administer therapy. /Type /Group /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding SFT was designed by Salvador Minuchin, got its start in the early 1960s and evolved over the years. Many people in the United States are resistant to government intervention in the family: parents do not want the government to tell them how to raise their children or to become involved in domestic issues. Benefits of family therapy include: Understanding each others needs. Begin the process of change (First-order change and second-order change). /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Family systems theory has been applied to a wide variety of areas including psychotherapy in general and family therapy in particular (working from a /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] The belief in SFT is that the root of a problem lies in the structure of the familial unit and how they interact with each other. General System Theory. As operationalized by the American Psychological Association, Family therapy is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on the improvement of interfamilial relationships and behavioral patterns of the family unit as a whole, as well as among individual members and groupings, or subsystems, within the family. It observes and addresses patterns of interaction between members of the family in order to find the dysfunctional patterns that 137 0 R 188 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R /Subtype /Link Resolving issues related to siblings. He believed that personality and sexual development were closely linked, and he divided the maturation process into psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Conflict theorists may study conflicts as simple as the enforcement of rules from parent to child, or they may examine more serious issues such as domestic violence (spousal and child), sexual assault, marital rape, and incest. What is the main role you have in your family system? /CS /DeviceRGB >> Structural Family Therapylooks at family relationships, behaviors, and patterns as they are exhibited within the therapy session in order to evaluate the structure of the family. "A Systems View of Family Interaction and Psychopathology." >> endobj << WebThe purpose of this paper is to integrate some concepts from family systems theory, attachment theory, and family socialization theory within a systems theory of public opinion and social movements. Each article is written by a team member with exposure to and experience in the subject matter. /F4 18 0 R Goldner, V. (1989). Lets talk about specific types of Family therapies and delve deeper into their advantages and disadvantages. It helps in activating the family members own alternative ways of relating: It has been critiqued that the therapy does not focus much on the power dynamics within same generational relationships, such as couple relationships. 0000001351 00000 n WebFamily systems theory is based on several basic assumptions about relationship processes within families (Guttman, 1991; Nichols & Schwartz, 2005). 71 Comments Please sign inor registerto post comments. The family itself is a symbol. startxref Conflict Theory. 18 0 obj %%EOF Terms of Use, Family Systems Theory - Basic Concepts/propositions, Family Systems Theory - Basic Concepts/propositions, Challenges And Future Directions. The Bioecological Model as depicted in Figure 7.1 serves as a visual organizer to both summarize and unpack key concepts and themes as they related to individual development, teaching and learning, and educational practices. WebStrengths of the family were determined to help define potential or actual problem-solving abilities of the family system. << 0000003379 00000 n The model is able to account for multiple face-to-face environments, or settings, within the microsystem of a person (for example, family, school, peers); how relations between settings (mesosystem) can affect what happens within them (for example, interactions between school and family); and how settings within which the individuals have no direct presence (exo- and macrosystem) can affect settings in their microsystems (for example, how parents experiences at their workplace affect their relationships within the family) (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 167 0 R 190 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R Family system therapy was based on Murray Bowen's family systems research. 1 0 obj 0000004025 00000 n Functionalism. Students also viewed Terms final psychology Tends to be a little more brief and can sometimes not fully settle in with the family. 3 0 obj /CS /DeviceRGB She also has training as a Registered Behavior Technician in ABA- Applied Behavior Analysis from ATI- Autism Training Institute. Another advantage contributing to its superiority when compared to other theories is its inherent regard for interactive processes (Rutan, Stone, & Shay 2014) . It was first published in 1966. All of this happens in an historical context referred to as the chronosystem. >> Critics of family systems theory argue that such inequality is often overlooked or understated (Goldner 1989; Yllo 1993). >> Structural Family Therapy comes under the umbrella of Family Systems Therapy approaches. <> Critics argue that the utilization of family systems theory in this area can lead to the perception of a shared responsibility for violence between the victim and perpetrator and less accountability by the perpetrator for his or her actions (e.g. /ToUnicode 195 0 R 0 Pragmatics of Human Communication. This has played a key role on how people view and assist that child who experiences barriers during learning process. 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 Vaguely Understood Systems. /Font << 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R /Group << SFT was designed by Salvador Minuchin, got its start in the early 1960s and evolved over the years. /Tabs /S Resolving issues related to siblings. "Through a Feminist Lens: Gender, Power and Violence." /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] >> Symbolic Interactionism. Some limitations of structural family therapy include: Inspired by Milton Erikson and Don Jacksons work came to light Strategic family therapy. Even today, with more fluid family roles, conflict theorists find disputes over the division of household labor to be a common source of marital discord. /F5 30 0 R Family systems theory has had a significant impact on the study of families and on approaches to working with families. >> Minuchin, S. (1974). The time it takes to see effects varies depending on the family. 7 0 obj To some, it is a father, mother, and children; to others, it is any union that involves respect and compassion. This therapy has been divided into 5 stages; namely, the brief therapy stage, the problem stage, the interactional stage, goal-setting stage, and finally the task-setting stage. Family members behaviour can only be understood within the family context. /Type /Font Over the years researchers have found the necessity to develop theories of behavior that are specific to family settings. /Contents [26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R] /W 0 WebThe purpose of this paper is to integrate some concepts from family systems theory, attachment theory, and family socialization theory within a systems theory of public opinion and social movements. endobj >> Thus, this model allows the analysis of the lives of people, living organisms whose biopsychological characteristics, both as a species and as individuals, have as much to do with their development as do the environments in which they live their lives (Bronfenbrenner, 1995, p. 8). As money is one of the most valuable resources, men who worked in paid labor outside of the home held more power than women who worked inside the home (Blood and Wolfe 1960). 0000003357 00000 n 17 0 obj WebFamily systems theory is an approach to understand human functioning that focuses on interactions between people in a family and between the family and the context(s) in which that family is embedded. Microsystems impact a child directly. Resolving issues related to siblings. She earned her Master of Arts in Marriage and Family Therapy from Brandman University in Lacey, WA and her undergraduate degree a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from Columbia College in Columbia, MO. /Type /Catalog endstream WebFamily systems theory is an approach to understand human functioning that focuses on interactions between people in a family and between the family and the context(s) in which that family is embedded. A therapist is merely a facilitator who involves themselves when needed, to help build better communication and coping strategies. These include: The model also conceptualizes the problem to find the correct strategy to understand the issue with a sense of clarity and a large emphasis on healthy communication. 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 500 500 444 500 444 Step four Discuss self-criticism within the group and share common experiences. interact with each other to affect a childs development are not clearly New York: Plenum Press. The strength of systems theories lies in the interdependency, adaptability, and exchange of resources and energy from the different systems. The advantages and disadvantages of the systems approach are: Advantages Below are some advantages of using the systems approach to management: Simplicity: With only five components and a few foundational principles, it's easy to understand this approach. %PDF-1.5 % As with any type of therapy, there are criticisms and limitations that arise. Dealing with a mental illness in the family. >> Benefits of family therapy include: Understanding each others needs. Structural Family Therapy (SFT) is a form of family therapy under the umbrella of Family Systems Therapy. 51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R WebBowen family systems theory was developed by psychiatrist Murray Bowen in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Assumption 3: All human social behavior is purposive. 778 389 0 778 667 944 722 778 611 0 8 0 obj Step three Choose and share a note at random. /Producer >> and its Licensors It observes and addresses patterns of interaction between members of the family in order to find the dysfunctional patterns that He recognized that the development of self evolved through a negotiation between the world as it exists in ones mind and the world that exists as it is experienced socially (Piaget 1954).[7]. [1] Image by Ian Joslin is licensed under CC BY 4.0, [2] Childrens Development by Ana R. Leon is licensed under CC BY 4.0, [3] Educational Learning Theories by Molly Y. Zhou and David Brow is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA (pg. What boundaries do you have or wish you had? However, Erikson believed the personality continued to change over time and was never truly finished. In some cases, members may disagree or dismiss therapy. Step four Discuss self-criticism within the group and share common experiences. 0000003577 00000 n This may not work if some members are not interested in therapy. The therapist may appear to take sides when 'role-playing' in sessions in order to disrupt the negative interaction and to bring light to the situation in order to enact change within the way the family interacts (to learn more about the application of the therapy, visit this link). endobj 913 0 obj According to Erikson, people move through these stages throughout their lives. endobj This space of vulnerability can be overwhelming and intense. << >> The strength of systems theories lies in the interdependency, adaptability, and exchange of resources and energy from the different systems. stream Studies indicate that when men do more housework, women experience more satisfaction in their marriages, reducing the incidence of conflict (Coltrane 2000). 0000000015 00000 n Webcomprehensive theories of family systems functioning (Bowen, 1966, 1978, Kerr and Bowen, 1988). /URI (http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/clist.aspx?id=894) What is a weakness of /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 333 333 The differentiation of family members, if the family is enmeshed. /P 3 0 R /DescendantFonts [194 0 R] /F4 18 0 R New York: George Braziller. /StructParents 11 Assumption 3: All human social behavior is purposive. The advantages and disadvantages of the systems approach are: Advantages Below are some advantages of using the systems approach to management: Simplicity: With only five components and a few foundational principles, it's easy to understand this approach. Much like a mechanic would interface with the computer system of a broken down car to diagnose which systems are broken (transmission, electric, fuel, etc.) Although no solid empirical evidence supports Freuds theory, his ideas continue to contribute to the work of scholars in a variety of disciplines. /Parent 2 0 R << What are the advantages and disadvantages of family therapy? Structural Family Therapy (SFT) is a form of family therapy under the umbrella of Family Systems Therapy. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, a good father, for example, was one who worked hard to provide financial security for his children. 438 0 obj <>stream Basically, Vygotsky's theory suggests that development depends on interaction with people and the tools that the culture provides to help form their own view of their world. <> /Resources << /F4 18 0 R What are the strengths and weaknesses of quasi-experimental designs? Weband family functioning (family adaptability and cohesion) in a sample of adults, aged 20 to 70 years. It has guided research into such areas as understanding traumatic events or chronic health issues and their impact on individuals and families, substance abuse intervention and treatment modalities, and kinship networks. Women tend to assume the expressive roles, which typically involve work inside of the family which provides emotional support and physical care for children (Crano and Aronoff 1978). /F1 15 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R] /CS /DeviceRGB /Type /Page endobj <> What are the strengths and weaknesses of quasi-experimental designs? /Type /Group WebWeakness system theory weakness of the systems theory University Laurentian University Course Topics in Cognitive Psychologyve Psychol (PSYC-3706EG) Uploaded by vanessa oh Academic year2020/2021 Helpful? It has guided research into such areas as understanding traumatic events or chronic health issues and their impact on individuals and families, substance abuse intervention and treatment modalities, and kinship networks. An anal fixation may produce a neat freak (hence the term anal retentive), while a person stuck in the phallic stage may be promiscuous or emotionally immature. What are the basic assumptions of social system theory? /MarkInfo << Conflict theory highlights the role of power in family life and contends that the family is often not a haven but rather an arena where power struggles can occur. /FontDescriptor 193 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 500 0 389 389 278 500 444 667 0 444] This theory suggests that social interaction leads to continuous step-by-step changes in children's thought and behavior that can vary greatly from culture to culture (Woolfolk, 1998). /Type /Page What chronosystem events have impacted your life so far? hb```"_qAX 0='CR|X15q:$0hb k, Transitioning in a respectful and emotional way. /Type /Action /Subtype /Type0 endobj 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R The use of proactive strategies such as role playing, which requires active participation from each member. endstream 8 [134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R 139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R /Type /Group Webcomprehensive theories of family systems functioning (Bowen, 1966, 1978, Kerr and Bowen, 1988). Psychologists and counsellors aim to provide a controlled environment under supervision in which the family can discuss and talk through their issues, while understanding and gaining insight from other ends. << Therapy tends to bring up difficult emotions to the surface. endobj Fostering empathetic understanding. The therapists approach is time consuming. These meanings are more free-flowing through changing family roles. /URI (http://www.sagepub.com/home.nav) WebStrengths & Limitations of Bowens Family Systems Theory Strengths: o Treating patient and family as a whole o Families contribute to community resources o Patient seeks to increase the level of functioning in a family o Intergenerational family diagram or genogram emerged from Bowens Family Systems Theory o Learning about human emotions and how it 20 0 obj /Parent 2 0 R Steinglass, P. (1987). >> Family systems therapydraws on systems thinking in its view of the family as an emotional unit. /BaseFont /Helvetica-Bold It can help bring back trust and love that may have been disrupted as well as teaching how to forgive, unlearn and understand other family members. It may make members feel emotionally drained and tired, if they dont have a supportive structure. [2], The Bioecological Model by Bronfenbrenner looked at patterns of development across time as well as the interactions between the development of the child and the environment. 0 0 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 x nH@ $@ /O 915 Several aspects of the theory such as the mesosystem and the chronosystem remain vaguely defined and understood. /F3 17 0 R 6 [107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R 114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R Clearing the roles and responsibilities of family members. However, if you find a dedicated professional therapist, you are almost certain to obtain the outcomes you desire. 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R] 444] WebFamily systems therapy can be effective in any number of situations, helping families come to grips with a range of mental illnesses, including anxiety and depression as well as eating disorders. Family systems theory has been applied to a wide variety of areas including psychotherapy in general and family therapy in particular (working from a Another challenge is that the therapist may see a temporary problem as something bigger, Too much involvement of the therapist may lead to panic while too little involvement may lead to maintenance of the status quo. This has played a key role on how people view and assist that child who experiences barriers during learning process. See also: BOUNDARY DISSOLUTION; CODEPENDENCY; DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; DISABILITIES; FAMILY DEVELOPMENT THEORY; FAMILY DIAGNOSIS/DSM-IV; FAMILY DIAGRAMMATIC ASSESSMENT: ECOMAP; FAMILY THEORY; HUMAN ECOLOGY THEORY; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; SPOUSE ABUSE: THEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS; THERAPY: COUPLE RELATIONSHIPS; THERAPY: FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS; TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD; TRIANGULATION. These theories have been developed by people with a variety of areas of emphasis, from family therapists to gerontologists to child development specialists. There are several ways in which a therapist helps families in moving towards a healthy lifestyle, this can look like exploring communication styles, understanding and equipping skills to deal with family problems and overall, creating a better functioning environment. 722 556 667 722 722 0 722 722 0 0 2. Families might not be willing to take therapy outside the family unit, i.e., not wanting to involve relatives or extended family. 71 Comments Please sign inor registerto post comments. Several aspects of the theory such as the mesosystem and the chronosystem remain vaguely defined and understood. It is based on research Bowen conducted at the Menninger Clinic, the National Institute of Mental Health, the Georgetown University Medical Center, and the Georgetown University Family Center in Washington, Family systems therapy is no different. Creating effective hierarchical structure in the family. 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R] /Filter /FlateDecode This outlet gives way to reproduction, which is a necessary part of ensuring the survival of society. On one hand, results supported BFST; high differentiation group reported higher levels of family functioning, greater family satisfaction, and more positive family communication when compared to the low differentiation group. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. 916 0 obj 10 Types of Couples Therapy: Which One Is Better for You? 918 0 obj >> Assumption 4: All forms of social organiza tion display self-maintaining and development With more parent-child relationships developing through adoption, remarriage, or change in guardianship, the word parent today is less likely to be associated with a biological connection than with whoever is socially recognized as having the responsibility for a childs upbringing. /Length 4506 %%EOF It is based on research Bowen conducted at the Menninger Clinic, the National Institute of Mental Health, the Georgetown University Medical Center, and the Georgetown University Family Center in Washington, Provide three examples of developmental functioning within Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory. WebSince the work of Von Bertalanffy and Weick systems theory has emerged as a strong methodology which has branched into many areas and derivatives to explain the links between the system, other systems and the environment. >> /S /Transparency Development occurs at a point in time. << /BaseFont /Helvetica-Oblique The strengths and weaknesses of systems theory are summarised below: Strengths. Every individual has a role to play in maintaining the structure of the family. Fostering empathetic understanding. Over the years researchers have found the necessity to develop theories of behavior that are specific to family settings. Assumption 2: Social ordering is a constant and dyn amic process. For example, if the father assumes an expressive role such as providing daytime care for the children, the mother must take on an instrumental role such as gaining paid employment outside of the home in order for the family to maintain balance and function. Systemic family therapy is a well researched approach with strong evidence of effectiveness and efficacy, in a wide range of situations. /S /URI >> Incorporates the role of the >> Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of evolutionary psychology. /S /Sect The majority of what you find, on the other hand, will gratify you. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Interactionists stress that family is not an objective, concrete reality. In Family Interaction and Psychopathology, ed. /Filter/FlateDecode >> /Type /Annot << Grab Wedding Month Deals on Marriage Courses! Cultural values change over time, as do policies of educational institutions or governments in certain political climates. Family Interaction: A Multigenerational Developmental Perspective. /StructParents 5 /Type /Font /C [0.718 0.329 0.0] As teachers and educators strive to become evidence-based practitioners, the goal of learning this Model is to understand the theoretical and research foundations that inform the work in supporting students' well-being, teaching and learning and identify and use other factors/resources such as parents, family, peers, to provide positive influence on students learning and development.[3]. Assumption 1: There is an underlying general order in the world. >> Common family systems treatment modalities that are influenced by Bowen's family systems theory include strategic family therapy, as well as structural family therapy. Bertalanffy, L. von. /Font << 7 [123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R << 0 >> /A << /H [ 868 249 ] << 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R] %PDF-1.6 Intergenerational Family Therapy identifies multigenerational behavioral patterns that influence the behavior of a family or certain individuals. When considering the role of family in society, functionalists uphold the notion that families are an important social institution and that they play a key role in stabilizing society. endobj For example, in dynamic systems theory, there is an emphasis on removing obstacles in the system like institutional racism as a barrier for people of color. Vaguely Understood Systems. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Family Systems Theory. 0 0 250 333 250 0 500 500 500 500 /S /Transparency Therapists also explore the subsystems of a family, such as the relationships between siblings using role-playing activities in their sessions. It observes and addresses patterns of interaction between members of the family in order to find the dysfunctional patterns that create problems. Fostering empathetic understanding. /F4 18 0 R >> Assumption 3: All human social behavior is purposive. History & Theories Explained, 5 Ways to Fall Out of Love After Infidelity, OCD and Sex: How OCD Can Impact Your Sex Life and How to deal, What Is Spiritual Abuse in Marriage & How to Heal, 15 Subtle Signs Your Husband Resents You & What to Do About It, 10 Pros and Cons of Getting Sole Custody of a Child, 10 Tips to spend the holidays when your marriage is in crisis, Treading Carefully: Getting Back Together After Separation, 3 Ways Separation in Marriage Can Make a Relationship Stronger, 10 Things You Must Know Before Separating From Your Husband, 12 Steps to Rekindle a Marriage After Separation, How to Combat the 5 Glaring Effects of Anxiety After Infidelity, How to Have a Trial Separation in the Same House, Feeling No Emotional Connection With Your Husband, How to Get Back Together After Separation, 6 Ways to Tell if Someone is Lying About Cheating, 5 Signs That You Are Living in a Toxic Marriage, 7 Important Tips to Build Trust in a Relationship, 10 Effective Communication Skills for Healthy Marriages, 20 Signs of a Married Man in Love With Another Woman. /Type /Action << For instance, the mechanism(s) through which the components of the mesosystem such as the family, school, friends, etc. >> endobj Family Systems Theory comes under the Functional Theory umbrella and shares the functional approach of considering the dysfunctions and functions of complex groups and organizations. It was first published in 1966. /F3 17 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] In general, conflict theorists tend to study areas of marriage and life that involve inequalities or discrepancies in power and authority, as they are reflective of the larger social structure. 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R 114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R /Tabs /S In this chapter we will briefly discuss six such theories: Bioecological Model, Family Systems, Functionalism, Conflict Theory, Symbolic Interactionism, and Psychological Perspectives. >> endobj /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Pages 2 0 R The strengths and weaknesses of systems theory are summarised below: Strengths. stream 'A^&evxyz^fA $[QP{ m&ks,wf d>/!JM6I`bI UP3oJpj%&>#Ga|'i?T-T@,.EzMKFGHg:sX>/2ZK\8P,M6#`m^9fhv2H6k?#jGz{~4 Family Therapy is designed to restore balance within the dynamics of a family. A family is a complex and powerful entity. /CS /DeviceRGB Another concern/limitation is the financial and insurance component.

Strawberry Crate Hard Cider, Abandoned Houses In Clearwater Florida, How Much Did Bruce Lee Weigh Before He Died, Pytorch Suppress Warnings, How Old Is Sam Carlson Port Protection, Articles S